.The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the and the epics. From the ancient period to the 19th century, a succession of came to be and some were challenged by lesser Indian rulers who also struggled for land and power through warring.The predecessors to the contemporary were many: the, native cavalry, irregular horse and raised by the three. The Army of India was raised under the in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars.The armed forces succeeded the following India's independence in 1947. After, many of the wartime troops were discharged and units disbanded. The reduced armed forces were partitioned between India and Pakistan.
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The Indian armed forces fought and a. India also fought in the with Pakistan in 1999, the in history. The Indian Armed Forces have participated in several peacekeeping operations and are presently the second largest contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force. Dholavira defensive wall.Fortified towns have been excavated from with thick and tall walls.
Is among the earliest sites in the world where moats have been discovered. These forts also feature square and round bastion and contain a citadel constructed at an elevated height.
Sites such as and exhibit some outstanding examples of fortifications with their thick tall walls, with the walls made of burned bricks at some places solid mud-brick embankment have been discovered which run for twenty five feet (7.5 meters) without reaching the bottom. Sites such as, Dholavira's have yielded massive stone fortifications and the acropolis is extensively fortified with tall standing walls and furnished with ramparts and gateways. Fortification wall and square bastions 2500 BCAn excavation at 's necropolis has yielded copper swords, helmets and chariots, dating from 2000-1800 BC, which suggests the presence of a warrior class of people in the region during the Copper-Bronze Age (3300 BC–1200 BC).An Indus seal depicting a soldier firing a was unearthed in, which indicates that Indus people were already familiar with it long before they were depicted in ancient Indian reliefs. Another copper seal from Mohenjo Daro shows a horned hunter holding a composite bow. The Vedic period The of were led by their kings ( ) and engaged in wars with each other and other tribes. They used weapons and -drawn spoke-wheeled described prominently in the.
The main share from the booty obtained during and battles went to the chief of the tribe. The warriors belonged to the.The and other associated texts dating to the post-Rigvedic (ca. 1100–500 BC) contain the earliest written references to armies in India. The earliest known application of dates to this period; the animals are mentioned in several hymns.The two great epics of India, the and the, center on conflicts between the emerging and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. They discuss standing armies that used in war, war elephants and even.
The Ramayana describes in great detail the fortifications of. The describes various military techniques such as used in the. Main article:The originated from the region of Magadha in ancient India during the 4th century BC. At its greatest extent, the empire ruled by the Nanda Dynasty extended from Bengal in the east, to Punjab in the west and as far south as the Vindhya Range.In 327 BC began his foray into Punjab. King Ambhi, ruler of Taxila, surrendered the city to Alexander. Alexander fought an epic battle against the Indian monarch Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes (326).
After victory, Alexander made an alliance with Porus and appointed him as satrap of his own kingdom. East of Porus' kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the powerful kingdom of Magadha, under the.According to, at the time of Alexander's River, the size of the Nanda's army further east numbered 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots, and 6,000 war elephants, which was discouraging for Alexander's men and stayed their further progress into India.Maurya dynasty. The at its largest extent under.According to, who served as an ambassador from the, built an army consisting of 30,000, 9,000, and 600,000. Chandragupta conquered much of Indian subcontinent, establishing an empire from the to the.
He then defeated the of Greece under to conquer the regions to the west of the. He then turned south, taking over much of what is now Central India. His military was administered by six chairs, one for each of the four arms of the army (infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots), one chair for the navy, and one for logistics and supply.Infantry at this time was most commonly armed with a made of and a single- or double-handed broadsword probably similar to the. Other foot soldiers could be armed with a large animal hide tower shield and a spear or javelins. Cavalry carried spears.
Elephants were mounted, sometimes allegedly with howdahs, which may be an Indian invention by archers or javelin throwers, with a around the animal's neck. Chariots by this time were in definite decline, but remained in the army due to their prestige.In 185 BCE, the last ruler was assassinated by, the Commander-in-Chief of the Mauryan armed forces.Shunga dynasty. Shunga horseman,.War and conflict characterized the Shunga period. They are known to have warred with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras.Extent of the Shunga Empire's wars with the Indo-Greek Kingdom figure greatly in the history of this period. From around 180 BCE the ruler conquered the Kabul Valley and is theorized to have advanced into the trans-Indus. The Indo-Greek is credited with either joining or leading a campaign to Pataliputra with other Indian rulers; however, very little is known about the exact nature and success of the campaign.
The net result of these wars remains uncertain.is recorded to have performed two Ashvamedha Yagnas and Shunga imperial inscriptions have extended as far as Jalandhar. Scriptures such as the Divyavadhana note that his rule extended even farther to Sialkot, in the Punjab. Moreover, if it was lost, Mathura was regained by the Shungas around 100 BCE (or by other indigenous rulers: the Arjunayanas (area of Mathura) and Yaudheyas mention military victories on their coins ('Victory of the Arjunayanas', 'Victory of the Yaudheyas'), and during the 1st century BCE, the Trigartas, Audumbaras and finally the Kunindas also started to mint their own coins).
Indian ship on lead coin of, testimony to the seafaring and naval capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE.According to some interpretations of the, the family belonged to the Andhra-jati ('tribe') and was the first dynasty to build an empire in daksinapatha (southern region). The Satavahanas (also called Andhra and Shalivahan) rose to power in modern, and around 200 BCE and remained in power for about 400 years.
Almost the whole of present-day, Maharashtra, and came under Satavahana rule. Their first capital was, as well as, then called Pratishthan., the dynasty's founder, conquered, and part of.
His successor and brother (or Krishna) further extended his kingdom to the west and the south. He was succeeded by Satakarni I, who defeated the of North India. His successor, defeated the invading,.
His empire extended up to Banavasi in the south, and included Maharashtra, west and Vidharbha. Later, Satavahana rulers lost some of these territories. Satavahana power revived briefly under but declined after his death.Mahameghavahana dynasty. Main article:The was an ancient ruling dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Mauryan Empire. The third ruler of the dynasty, conquered much of India in a series of campaigns at the beginning of the common era. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa. Under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Yawadvipa (Java).
Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas and the South Indian regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Andhra Pradesh) and expanded Kaḷinga as far as the Ganges and the Kaveri.The Kharavelan state had a formidable maritime empire with trading routes linking it to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Borneo, Bali, Sumatra and Java. Colonists from Kalinga settled in Sri Lanka, Burma, as well as the Maldives and Maritime Southeast Asia. Even today Indians are referred to as Keling in Malaysia because of this.The main source of information about Khārabeḷa is his famous seventeen line rock-cut Hātigumphā inscription in a cave in the Udayagiri hills near Bhubaneswar, Odisha. According to the inscription, he attacked Rajagriha in Magadha, thus defeating the king to retreat to Mathura.Gupta dynasty. The, erected by the Great after he defeated the Vahilakas.Siva-Dhanur-veda discusses the military of the. The Guptas relied heavily on armoured war elephants; horses were used little if at all.
The use of had declined heavily by the time of the Guptas, as they had not proved very useful against the, and other invaders. Guptas utilised heavy clad in mail armour and equipped with and lances, who would have used shock action to break the enemy line. They also employed archers. Their longbow was composed of bamboo or metal and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head; iron shafts were used against armoured elephants. They also sometimes used fire arrows. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords.
The Guptas also maintained a, allowing them to control regional waters.seized the kingdoms of Shichchhatra and early in his reign. Later, he took the Kota kingdom and attacked the tribes in, the, the, the and the. He also subjugated the remnants of the. By his death in 380, he had conquered over twenty kingdoms.4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, credits with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in the East and West India, he proceeded northwards, subjugated the Parasikas, then the and the tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively.
Of the; the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign, at a time when the Roman Empire in the west was in decline.faced with invading or, from the northwest. Skandagupta had warred against the Huns during the reign of his father, and was celebrated throughout the empire as a great warrior. He crushed the Huns invasion in 455, and managed to keep them at bay; however, the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its declineThe Classical age Empire of Harsha Emperor (606–647) ruled the covering northern India for over forty years.
His father, a king of, had gained prominence by successful wars against the. Harsha had plans to conquer the whole of India, and carried on wars for thirty years with considerable success.
By 612 he had built up a vast army with which he conquered nearly all up to the. In 620 he invaded the but was repelled by.The Chalukyas and Pallavas. Old inscription on a victory pillar, Virupaksha Temple, 733–745 CEIn, the and the gained prominence. The ruler Pulakeshin II's expansionism started with minor campaigns against the, and others. He defeated the Pallava king and conquered the and the. His greatest military success, the defeat of Harshavardhana (also known as Harsha), depleted his treasury, forcing him to end his expansionist campaigns.The Pallava king vowed to avenge Mahendravarman's defeat by Pulakeshin II. He invaded with an army headed by his general Paranjothi.
He defeated the Chalukyas, killing Pulakeshin II in 642. Clashes between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas continued for a century, until the Chalukya king won a decisive victory against the Pallavas in 740. The overthrew the Chalukya empire in 750.
During the 970s, overthrew the and recovered most of the, except for. The Chalukyas of this period are known as the Kalyani Chalukyas, as was their capital. They clashed intermittently with the.The Chola Empire. Depiction of the siege of by Beemasenan's naval infantry.The were the first rulers of the Indian subcontinent to maintain a navy and use it to expand their dominion overseas. Defeated the Pallavas and captured. In the early 10th century the Chola king defeated the king and invaded. The ruler defeated and killed Parantaka I's son in about 949.reigned 970-85.
Inscriptions tell that at least from his time, Chola warriors wore waist coats of armour. Hence, one regiment was called Niyayam-Uttama-Chola-tterinda-andalakattalar. Paluvettaraiyar Maravan Kandanar served as a general under Uttama and his predecessor,.began his military career with the conquest of the Cheras in the. He captured the Pandya ruler Amara Bhujanga, the town of, and a part of Sri Lanka. In the 14th year of his reign (998–999) he conquered the of, the of and Eastern Mysore, Tadigaipadi, the Pandyas and the Chalukyas of the Deccan.
During the next three years, he subdued and the northern kingdom of with the help of his son. Rajendra later completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, crossed the, and marched across to. He sent out that occupied parts of,. The Cholas were brought down by the from the west and Pandyas from the south.The Gurjar-Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas.
The was first attacked by Muslim Turkic invader and repeatedly demolished by successive Muslim invaders, each time being rebuilt by Hindu rulers.In the early 11th century, conquered the Rajput Hindu Shahi kingdom in the North-west frontier in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and his raids into northern India weakened the kingdom, which was drastically reduced in size and came under the control of the. Mahmud sacked some temples across northern India, including the temple at Somnath in Gujarat, but his permanent conquests were limited to the Punjab. The early 11th century also saw the reign of the king, the Paramara ruler of. The Medieval era.
After Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi, the ruler led a combined Rajput army of 20,000 intending to defeat and capture. The Mughals had superior, which prevailed against the Rajput yet Mughals won only when general betrayed Rana Sanga, resulting in his defeat by Babur at the (16 March 1527). During the reign Rana Sanga's son Rana Udai Singh II, Babur's grandson conquered, the capital of.In the (21 June 1576) between Akbar and, the Mughal army of 80,000 was headed by a Rajput, and Akbar's son. The Rajput army's strength was 20,000.
Rana Pratap reluctantly retreated with the help of his estranged brother Shakti Singh. His legendary horse was killed in the battle. Later, Rana Pratap organized a small army of tribals funded by a Gurjar businessman called Bhamashah and started a against Akbar. He retook large parts of Mewar but could not retake Chittor.Muzaffarid dynasty. Gajashaala or elephant's stable, built by the Vijayanagar rulers for their.The Italian traveler Niccolo de Conti wrote of the Emperor of the as the most powerful ruler of India in the 15th century.In 1509, the Sultan declared against the.
His large coalition army was defeated by in a battle in which the Sultan was wounded. In 1510, Krishnadevaraya launched a counteroffensive against the Sultan at Kovelaconda; Yusuf Adil Shahi of died in the battle. In 1512, Krishnadevaraya captured and after defeating Barid-i-Mamalik, the titular head of the, who escaped to. Later, Bidar also fell to Krishnadevaraya, who restored the Bahmani Sultan to his throne under the terms of their peace treaty.Between 1512 and 1514, Krishnadevaraya subjugated the Palaigar of, who had rebelled against his brother. During this campaign, the of attacked Vijayanagara and occupied two northeast provinces:. Krishnadevaraya recaptured these lands between 1513 and 1518.On 26 January 1565, the neighboring kingdoms of, and came together to treacherously defeat the Vijayanagar decisively in the. The surviving Vijaynagar forces fled with a large treasury to re-establish their headquarters at in and near.
It would be here that the British would seek a land grant to establish the Fort St. George in.Later, the Vijayanagara's southern Telugu governors, in present-day, became independent. They became the in, the, and the.Ahom Kingdom. 35-feet-high statue of Ahom general, known for his leadership in the 1671, and his army in the middle of the.(1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day early in the thirteenth century.
They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years. Mughal Empire. Cavalry soldier of Mughal EmpireThe began in 1526 with the overthrow of Ibrahim Lodi and encompassed most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Allied with the, it extended from in the east to in the west, in the north to the basin in the south, a territory of over 4 million km 2 (1.5 million sq mi) at its height. Its population at that time has been estimated at between 110 and 130 million. In the year 1540, then was defeated by, and forced to retreat to. Suris and their adviser, the Hindu Emperor, also called Hemu, ruled North India from 1540 to 1556. Hemu established a 'Hindu' Empire briefly from Delhi in 1556.The 'classic period' of the Empire started in 1556 with the accession of and ended with the death of Emperor in 1707, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by centralized administration and active culture. Following 1725 the empire declined rapidly, weakened by wars of succession; famine and local revolts fueled by it; the growth of religious intolerance; the rise of the; and finally.
The last Mughal emperor, whose rule was restricted to the city of, was imprisoned and exiled by the British after the. Arms of MarathaIn 1674, carved an independent Maratha zone around, Maharashtra, from the and, with that began the emergence of the Marathas as the most important power in India that filled the vacuum created by the decline of the Mughal Empire. Shivaji established an effective civil and military administration. After a lifetime of conquest and with the Mughal emperor, Shivaji died in 1680, leaving behind a kingdom of great but ill-defined extent. This was followed by a period of instability ending with Aurangzeb's death.Shivaji was the second king in Indian history to maintain an active navy., the first Maratha naval chief under Shivaji's grandson, controlled illegal entries into Maratha territory by, and commercial ships on the Western coast of India in the early 18th century. He remained undefeated until his death in 1729.
Although the descendants of Shivaji continued to rule, the office of the, or the, became the focus of Maratha power and patronage. The Peshwas were the effective rulers of the Maratha state and oversaw the period of greatest Maratha expansion, brought to an end by the Maratha's defeat by an army at the in 1761. The Marathas recovered their position as the dominant power in India by 1772 until the last Peshwa, was defeated by the British in the. With the defeat of the, no native power represented a threat for the British any longer.
The end of the last Anglo-Maratha War marked the era of British paramountcy over India.The Marathas also developed a potent circa 1660s, which at its peak, dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from to. It would engage in attacking the, and Naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions.
The dominated till around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by 1770s, and ceased to exist by 1818. Of the surrenders to Maharaja of the after the. (Depiction at )King inherited the small feudal state of in 1723 and built it into, one of the most powerful kingdoms in southern India, with the help of the. Marthanda Varma led the Travancore forces during the of 1739–46, which culminated in the. Marthanda Varma went on to conquer most of the petty principalities of the native rulers who had allied with the Dutch against him.During 's reign, invaded Travancore, but commander-in-chief led Travancore to victory despite being outnumbered.
This attack led to Travancore joining the British against Tipu in the Third Battle of Carnatic. Pazhsi Raja, and, later leaders of Travancore, fought the but lost. Travancore became a British ally in 1805 following a treaty between Colonel Charles Macaulay and Diwan Velu Tampi. It remained so until 1947 when it became part of the newly independent.
Mysore Kingdom The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder were developed by the Mysorean army of the South Indian in the 1780s. The Mysoreans successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the larger forces of the during the. Abchal Nagar, turban-wearing Sikh soldiers with.Maharaja was a ruler of the sovereign country of and the. His father led, a within the. Born in 1780 in, Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 12. He united the Sikh factions into the and took the title 'Maharaja' on 13 April 1801, to coincide with.
Was his capital from 1799. In 1802 he conquered, a holy city of the Sikh religion. In 1822 Ranjit Singh hired European mercenaries for the first time to train a part of his troops. He modernized his army, creating a military force whose power delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab. The result was a powerful and heavily armed state.
The in 1837 was a major setback for Ranjit Singh: his general was killed, the was established as the western limit of the Sikh Empire's influence.Ranjit Singh died in 1839, and his empire crumbled under internal strife and poor governance by his heirs. On the east of his realm extended Sikh authority in the until stopped by the in the (1841–1842). After the (1845–46), Punjab effectively ceased to be an independent state. The annexed the Sikh Empire following the (1848–49).Colonial era. Capture of and his sons by at Humayun's tomb on 20 September 1857.During the of 1857–58, some units of the Bengal Native Infantry and Cavalry revolted against the British East India Company. The rebels received less support than they had expected from members of the Bombay and Madras Armies. A number of atrocities took place, among them the.
The mutiny ultimately failed because of lack of resources and coordination among the rebels. Reprisals by the victorious British Army, assisted by Sikh and Afghan regulars and irregulars, were ruthless.The British Raj British Rule. In a camp.Following the Sepoy Mutiny, British rule in India was reorganised under the, made up of areas directly administered by the United Kingdom and under the of the. Under terms of treaties with the Crown, these princely states were allowed some local autonomy in exchange for protection and representation in international affairs by the United Kingdom. The Raj included present-day India, Pakistan, and.After 1857, the Presidency Armies were abolished in favour of a reconstituted British Indian Army under the control of the and the. Many units were disbanded or reorganised, and new units of Sikhs, Gurkhas, and irregular horsemen were introduced. The majority of the Madras Native Infantry and Cavalry had their class compositions changed to North Indian tribes, considered more 'martial' than the darker, shorter 'thambis' who made up the majority of the Madras Presidency Army.
Indian sepoys were banned from serving as officers or in the artillery corps. Recruiting focused more on Sikhs and Gurkhas, whom the British viewed as loyal. New caste-based and religion-based regiments were formed.The British Indian Army consisted of members of all the major religious groups in India:,. The number of Sikhs in the army grew steadily with time as British commanders came to believe they were more loyal and martial, an impression reinforced by their conduct during the Sepoy Mutiny. The Sikhs, for their part, aligned with the British to prevent a resurgence of Mughal rule; Sikhs had been persecuted under the Mughal Empire.The was established in 1932.World War I. Indian Army gunners (probably 39th Battery) with, Jerusalem 1917.During, over 800,000 volunteered for the army, and more than 400,000 volunteered for non-combat roles, compared with the pre-war annual recruitment of about 15,000 men.
The Army saw action on the within a month of the start of the war, at the where became the first Indian to be awarded a. After a year of front-line duty, sickness and casualties had reduced the Indian Corps to the point where it had to be withdrawn. Nearly 700,000 Indians fought the Turks in the Mesopotamian campaign. Indian formations were also sent to East Africa, Egypt, and Gallipoli. Main article:Indian Army and fought during the 's in 1915, at in 1916 and to in 1917.
India units and after the they became the major force in the during the and in the ' advance to and on to. Other divisions remained in India guarding the and fulfilling internal security obligations.One million Indian troops served abroad during the war. In total, 74,187 died, and another 67,000 were wounded. The roughly 90,000 soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I and the are commemorated by the.World War II. Sikh soldiers of the guarding the in France in March 1944.
Initiated the legion's formation, intended to serve as a liberation force from British occupation of India.In 1939, the British Indian Army's strength was about 189,000, with about 3,000 British officers and 1,115 Indian officers. The army was expanded greatly to fight in: by 1945, the strength of the Army had risen to about 2.5 million, with about 34,500 British officers and 15,740 Indian officers. The Army took part in campaigns in France, East Africa, North Africa, Greece, and Italy. Particularly significant contributions came in the campaigns in Abyssinia and North Africa, against the Italians; at and in Italy, against the Germans; and in the against Japan. The army ultimately suffered 179,935 casualties: 24,338 killed, 64,354 wounded, 11,762 missing, and 79,481 taken Prisoner of war.During the war, Indian nationalist expatriates in Southeast Asia and the Japanese Army formed the (INA) to fight for Indian independence from Britain.
For manpower, it relied on the approximately 45,000 Indian troops of the Indian Army whom the Japanese captured when Singapore fell in February 1942. Was parachuted in to lead the INA in 1943, and he greatly expanded the INA to include the mainly Tamil civilian Indian community in Malaya. He also negotiated a combat role for the INA from the reluctant Japanese, who were more inclined to use it intelligence and propaganda work. In 1944, INA units participated in the Japanese Army`s offensives against British positions in the Arakan and the Imphal Plain. Not being a military man Bose – or 'Netaji' ( respected leader) naively believed that Indian soldiers of the Indian Army who deployed against the INA would flock to its standard. But these Indian troops stood fIrm, and actually defeated the INA.
Despite this, Bose insisted that the INA be given an independent sector on the Irrawaddy in February 1945. Despite the desperate efforts of some INA troops, their sector was overrun, and desertions became commonplace. Militarily, the INA was finished. After the war, however, it made a political impact, due to the British decision to publicly court-martial three INA commanders.
This was a miscalculation, because Indian nationalist politicians, who had previously come out against the INA, now whipped up popular sentiment for the release of the INA accused. Realizing their error, the British acquiesced. In this way, the INA was another sign that the Raj's days were numbered.Republic of India.
Indian army in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947This is also called the First Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the of the of would accede to India. Following partition, states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu. Tribal forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharajah to sign the of the princely state to the to get Indian military aid.
The UN Security Council passed the on 22 April 1948. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the.
A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949.: 379 India gained control of about two-third of the state (including, and ) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of Kashmir ( and ). Most neutral assessments, agree that was the victor of the as it was able to conquer about two-third of the Kashmir including,. Operation Polo, 1948. Main article:In 1961 tension rose between India and Portugal over the Portuguese-occupied territory of, which India claimed for itself.
After Portuguese police cracked down violently on a peaceful, unarmed demonstration for union with India, the Indian government decided to reconquer. A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces. Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule was ended, and Goa was annexed by India. Portuguese losses were 31 killed, 57 wounded, and 3,306 captured.
Indian losses were 34 killed and 51 wounded. Sino-Indian war, 1962.
Main article:India fought a month-long border war against China in 1962. Neither nation deployed air or naval resources during a conflict heavy with mountain combat. China ended the war by declaring a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew their forces to the pre-war positions.The defeat prompted India to make major changes in its military.
The Department of Defence Production was established to create an indigenous defence production base, which would be self-reliant and self-sufficient. Since 1962, 16 new ordnance factories have been built under the program. Second Indo-Pak war, 1965. Main article:This war started following Pakistan's, which was designed to infiltrate forces into to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since World War II. The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the.
Though ruled to be militarily inconclusive, both India and Pakistan claimed victory. Most neutral assessments, however, agree that India had the.
As Pakistan lost more territory than it gained during the war and failed to achieve its goal of capturing Kashmir, many impartial observers have viewed the result as a defeat for Pakistan and an Indian. Indo-Sino Conflict of 1967. Main article:The 1967 Sino-Indian skirmish also known as the (1 – 10 October 1967) was a between and in the Himalayan, then an Indian. The Chinese infiltrated Sikkim on 1 October 1967, but was repulsed by the by 10 October. During the Cho La and, Indian losses were 88 killed in action and 163 wounded, while Chinese casualties were 340 killed in action and 450 wounded.The end of the battle saw the Chinese Army forced to leave Sikkim after being defeated by Indian troops. Third Indo-Pak war, 1971.
Pakistan's, the Pakistani submarine which sank off during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War under mysterious circumstances on the Visakhapatnam coast.This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle between Sheikh Mujib, Leader of East Pakistan and Yahya-Bhutto, leaders of West Pakistan brewing in erstwhile culminating in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan. Following and the, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India.India intervened in the ongoing. After a large scale by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced.Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the successfully held their positions. The quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around 5,795 square miles (15,010 km 2) of Pakistan territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, and sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the was created. This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians.
In the words of one Pakistani author, 'Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army'. Siachen war, 1984. Main article:In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan began organising tourist expeditions on the, disputed territory with India. Irked by this development, in April 1984 India initiated successful during which it gained control over all of the. Has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the immediately west of the glacier—,.
According to, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km 2) of territory because of its military operations in Siachen. It still maintains a military base there. Pakistan tried in 1987 and in 1989 to re-take the glacier but was unsuccessful. The conflict ended with Indian Victory.
Ceasefire since 2003. Kargil War, 1999. IAF were used extensively in the.Commonly known as the Kargil War, or Operation Vijay in India, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited.
During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators. Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.
According to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile was weakened further. The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the suffered heavy casualties. The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers, an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas. Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased and finally came to end with a decisive Indian military and diplomatic victory. Other operations The Mizo National Front, 1966.
An Akash missile being test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR),.India has well developed missile capabilities with roots in the. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program was formed in 1983 with the aim of achieving self-sufficiency in missile development and production.
Presently it comprises six core missile programs:.Currently the is developing, an advanced series of that the government reports would have a range of more than 10,000 km. This would put its range on par with advanced missiles in the United States, Russia, and Israel. India is the fourth country in the world to develop a successful missile defence shield, the.Nuclear program.
Shakti I: a detonated on 11 May 1998 as part of the tests. The was reported to be 45 kt.In 1974, India tested a nuclear weapon with a yield of up to 15. The test was codenamed.
On 11 and 13 May 1998, India conducted a total of five underground nuclear tests and declared itself a.Recent developments The Indian military ranks in terms of number of troops after China. The unit of the Republic of India is the world's largest paramilitary force at over one million strong. Eager to portray itself as a potential, India began an intense phase of upgrading its armed forces in the late 1990s. India focuses on developing indigenous military equipment rather than relying on other countries for supplies.
Most of the Indian naval ships and submarines, military armoured vehicles, missiles, and ammunition are indigenously designed and manufactured.Military collaborations with other countries. Indian T-90 Bhishma tanks during a training exercise in the,. Note the two different turret armour arrays.In 1997, India agreed to participate in the development of Russia's 'Prospective Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces' program. One of the primary objectives of the program was to develop a 5th generation; the prototype flew its first successful test flight in 1997. The, a cruise missile jointly developed with Russia, was successfully test fired in 2001. India is also collaborating with to develop.India has focused recently on purchasing the technology behind military equipment rather than equipment itself.
Recent examples include purchases of multi-role fighter aircraft and main battle tanks from Russia and diesel-powered Scorpene submarines from France. In 2004, India purchased US$5.7 billion worth of military equipment from other countries, making it the developing world's leading arms purchaser.Disasters On 28 April 2000, ammunition worth ₹3.93 billion (US$57 million) was destroyed in a fire at the ammunition depot. Another fire at the sub-depot resulted in loss of ammo worth ₹280 million (US$4.1 million).
On 24 May 2001, another blaze at the Birdhwal sub-depot destroyed ammunition worth ₹3.78 billion (US$55 million).Awards India's highest awards for military conduct in a time of war are, in descending order, the,. The peacetime equivalents are respectively the,. The latter two awards were formerly known as Ashoka Chakra, Class II and Ashoka Chakra, Class III respectively. The peacetime awards have occasionally been bestowed on civilians.
For meritorious service, the awards are the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, the Athi Vishisht Seva Medal, and the Vishisht Seva Medal.See also. (1755–1798), French Adventurer, General and friend of the of IndiaNotes.